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martes, 5 de junio de 2007

13 TV Shows That Should Never Have Been Cancelled

Dead Like Me

Even though it has a full two seasons to its name, it still feels like Dead Like Me never reached its full potential. Half the time (namely, when it focused on the subplots involving the dead protagonist’s living family) it was awful, but the other half was more or less awesome: the adventures of George the Grim Reaper usually consisted of hilariously violent deaths, semi-witty banter, and a weekly life (or death) lesson.

Though the first and second seasons were helmed by two different writers, many things remained the same: the show still retained a consistently tragicomic tone, George was still frumpily attractive, and Mandy Patinkin was still a badass. Even though it’s the most inconsistently entertaining show on this list, it still deserved more than two seasons: it got progressively better from season one to season two, and one can only hope that during season three, they’d altogether abandon the bullshit concerning George’s family.

Also, George (Ellen Muth) remains the most alternately ugly and adorable woman ever to grace the small screen.

Firefly

If you ever meet someone who refers to themselves as a “Browncoat,” they’ll probably be one of two things: (A) creepy or (B) furious. They’re creepy because there’s something weirdly intimate about Firefly: the sci-fi/western hybrid is so clever, exciting, and generally unappreciated that the remaining fans can’t help but give themselves a nickname and treat each other as unofficial family. And if they’re furious, you can’t blame them: it almost seems like FOX did whatever they possibly could have done in order to make sure Firefly never caught on with the mainstream. First, they rejected Joss Whedon’s original two-hour pilot for a crappy 45-minute one. Then they pre-empted almost all of the episodes and changed the schedule around so many times that even the hardcore fans had a hard time keeping track of it. Finally, they showed the episodes out of order. After only 15 episodes, Firefly was cancelled.

Of course, it was followed up by Serenity, one of the best science fiction films ever made. As was typical with the Firefly franchise, however, the film was mis-marketed, the Browncoats became far too over-zealous and made the movie seem like some sort of cult initiation ritual, and the film underperformed at the box office. Whedon says there’s still a lot more story to be told, but it’s more than likely that we’ll never see any of it.

Doctor Who (1996)

While Doctor Who is now going strong with David Tennant as its star and Russell T. Davies as its lead writer, one can’t help but look at the 1996 TV movie “Doctor Who: The Enemy Within” and not wonder what could have been. The film, jointly produced between the BBC and the US-based Fox corporation, was originally intended to serve as the pilot for a new series of Doctor Who.

While the would-be pilot had some major flaws (chiefly amongst them, the casting of a sunglasses-wearing Eric Roberts as the main villain), Paul McGann’s performance as the Eighth Doctor was remarkably human and romantic, and the US setting provided an interesting change of scenery.

Despite great ratings in the UK, the pilot was poorly marketed and slotted in the US, and pulled in abysmal ratings for Fox. Fox pulled its funding, and, though BBC wanted to continue the series, they simply didn’t have the cash to do so. The Eighth Doctor faded off the screen and into years of fanfiction – having only appeared in one official episode, the Eighth Doctor’s stint represents the shortest span of time any actor has ever officially portrayed The Doctor.

Freaks and Geeks

If Freaks and Geeks had sold out, it would probably have lasted longer. It could have portrayed teenagers as silly, one-dimensional characters devoid of any substance. But the creator, Paul Feig, and producer Judd Apatow wouldn’t let that happen.

Freaks and Geeks was special because it actually cared about the characters, and it allowed the characters to develop and change throughout its short run. While the freaks were always freaks and the geeks were always geeks, the characters had complexities that lived outside of these labels. Lindsay Weir, played by the marvelous Linda Cardellini, was more than just a freak: she was a math genius who was shaken so badly by her grandmother’s death that she struggled with despair throughout the series. Bill Haverchuck, a geek played by Martin Starr, not only loved Star Wars and The Jerk, but he also wanted to be an athlete.

It is a testament to the show that nearly every member of the teenage cast has had steady work since the show aired. Seth Rogen, James Franco, and Linda Cardellini have all had film work; Samm Levine, John Francis Daley, and Jason Segel have been mainstays on network TV. While the show was cancelled, the rabid fans were lucky enough to get special-edition DVD box sets, scripts, and a big thank you from the cast and crew.

The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.

Fact: anything with Bruce Campbell is totally awesome.

Fact: anything with Bruce Campbell will invariably be underappreciated, or, in the case of television, cancelled.

Brisco was a sci-fi/western/comedy (like Firefly) that followed the adventures of a kick-ass bounty hunter with an insanely big chin. Unlike many of the shows on this list, Brisco was popular, for a time: Campbell recounts the rise and fall of the show in his autobiography, If Chins Could Kill:

“Try as we did to let the entire world know about Brisco, the inevitable happened – the ratings started to slip. When a show is a hit, everyone is a genius. When a show drops in the ratings, the analysis begins…to explain why a TV show is canceled is almost impossible. Ironically Brisco, with its off-kilter humor, wouldn’t have been developed on any other network, yet the appeal of “Westerns” was still rural – not the side Fox’s urban bread was buttered on.”

At least you can purchase the entire series in one big-ass DVD set.

Push, Nevada

This David Lynchian neo-noir remains more or less forgotten in the pantheon of cancelled television, but it nonetheless deserves some respect. The series, produced by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, was created with the intent of running a single season, and a single season only. The protagonist, Jim Prufrock, comes to the town of Push looking for a missing million dollars. By the last episode of the season, the first audience member to call ABC having solved the mystery of Push would win the exact amount Jim was searching for.

The gimmicky contest setup should have garnered the show a lot more viewers, and it’s depressing that this wasn’t the case: though the cast of characters was almost entirely ripped off from Blue Velvet, the show had the balls to be surreal and disturbing in a time where all audiences wanted was safety and escape.

They wanted it so badly, in fact, that Push was cancelled after just seven episodes: almost all of the mysteries in the story went unsolved, but (as required by US law) the show gave out the remaining clues necessary to solving the puzzle, and the million dollar prize was won within two minutes of the last clue’s release. All in all, the cancellation was a shame, but still totally unavoidable: the first episode got great ratings and ABC was pushing it harder than any other show (to the point where they forced all their actors, from George Lopez to Jennifer Garner, to pretend it was a real place during the ABC promotional spring preview). In the end, the show was just too weird for mainstream audiences.

Undeclared

After the glorious Freaks and Geeks, Judd Apatow moved from high school to college in the show Undeclared. The show was, again, a character-driven comedy with dramatic elements. Its protagonist was, again, quite geeky and awkward. And it was, again, cancelled after one season.

Undeclared was different from Freaks and Geeks, though. Its characters were just as complex, but the show was more of a conventional, half-hour sitcom. Its cast was, for the most part, conventionally attractive and normal. These characteristics allowed it to be sitcom funny without being jokey and hackneyed. While the show and its situations were usually conventional, the banter and attention to detail made it something special. The young actors of the cast were quite talented, and they knew how to hit the right comedic notes and portray characters rather than caricatures.

Combine those elements with guest stars that ranged from Ben Stiller to Will Ferrell to Adam Sandler all playing over-the-top characters, and you have a great show that was cancelled before it was even given a chance to find an audience. Perhaps FOX just loves to cancel great comedies, maybe that’s it. Perhaps the FOX comedy division is run by a masochist who loves these types of shows, and he knows that because they challenge the audience that they’ll be on the trash heap after one season and he’ll get to feel the hot hot burning sorrow that comes with cancellation.

Andy Richter Controls the Universe

When Andy Richter broke up with Conan, it was sad, but, at the same time, kind of hopeful: Andy would move on to bigger and better things, and maybe we’d finally get to see how he functioned on his own. Our first opportunity to see him was almost immediately presented in Andy Richter Controls the Universe, his short-lived Malcolm In The Middle-esque comedy.

Andy played an office sheep who dreamed of bigger and better things, foremost amongst them getting a date with his building’s cute receptionist. Most of the humor came from either Andy’s vivid imagination (the pilot episode opened with Andy listing of all the possible ways he could accidentally die before even getting out of bed), or Andy’s interaction with his cooler-than-they-should-be co-workers. His boss is a cool, super-hot chick, his co-worker is attractive, kind, but dumb as a brick, and his best friend is a squirrelly Tobey Maguire lookalike who somehow manages to have even less self-esteem than Andy.

The show was cancelled after 19 episodes due to poor ratings, which – according to Wikipedia – somehow equates with two full seasons. Unfortunately, Andy Richter Controls the Universe is not yet available on DVD, which just proves that the Fox corporation does not want television fans to be happy.

Jack of All Trades

Even though I personally couldn’t stand Xena or Hercules, I have to give them credit for one thing: they paved the way for Jack of All Trades. Just like the other two shows, Jack was shot in New Zealand, produced by Sam Raimi and Rob Tapert, and was endlessly immature.

Jack’s humor was all over the map, but in kind of a charming way: the plots seemed like they were aimed at kids (Jack’s sidekick, Em, was constantly creating futuristic inventions that the two of them used to battle Blackbeard and Napoleon, played by Verne Troyer), but the jokes frequently revolved around sexual innuendos and outright penis jokes.

The only two groups of people in the world that could truly appreciate Jack were either mature preteens, or depressingly immature adults. While Bruce’s fanbase is made up almost solely of these types of people, they’re usually not numerous enough to warrant the continuation of a fairly expensive show. After getting frequently rescheduled, Jack was cancelled, and, like Brisco, the complete series is now available in one DVD package.

Arrested Development

“Now the story of a wealthy family who lost everything, and the one son who had no choice but to keep them together…” That cheesy voiceover is the introduction to Arrested Development, the funniest TV comedy in history. There’s no debate, no wiggle room, no weasel words. It is the best. There is no show that rewards its fans more than Arrested Development, no show that understands pop culture like Arrested Development, and no show that can make incest as funny as Arrested Development. The cast is superb, the writing outstanding, and the direction impeccable. Yet, the show was cancelled after just 53 episodes. Why would a show that was so good get cancelled?

It may be an oversimplification, but AD was cancelled because of the traits that made it the best. Because it rewarded its fans, it was alienating to people who didn’t watch it consistently. The sometimes-viewers had a hard time keeping up with the tempo of the show, the callbacks to previous episodes, and Ron Howard’s brilliant narration. For example, in one episode, GOB states that he sprained his ankle “playing hoops.” The scene then cuts to GOB doing a ridiculous chicken dance in front of Buster. The casual viewer will not know that this chicken dance is a continuing theme throughout the show, and because of that they will think it’s just easy, superfluous physical humor. The pop culture sensibilities of AD also doomed it. It referenced/skewered so many television shows, classic movies, political gaffes, and even commercials that it was like a master’s class in pop culture.

In a scene in the final season of AD, Buster is in the stair car dancing to Mr. Roboto when his hook gets stuck in the dashboard. This was a reference to a commercial the actor who plays Buster, Tony Hale, did for Volkswagon in 1999. If the viewer doesn’t have this knowledge, it seems like another superfluous bit of physical comedy. Finally, making incest funny killed the show. Of course, I don’t mean merely incest, but any situation that would make the average viewer uncomfortable. AD was so filled with innuendo, bleeped swearing, and uncomfortable situations that it alienated viewers who weren’t in on the joke. Instead of playing down George Michael getting to second base with his cousin Maeby, Ron Howard’s narration pushes it further, informing us that he went in “head first, like Pete Rose,” complete with a still of Pete Rose sliding into second base. Arrested Development is the best comedy in television history, and it died because everyone who wasn’t a diehard fan was too stupid to understand that.

The Tick

Anyone who watched the premiere of the The Tick, the live-action adaptation of Ben Edlund’s comic/cartoon character, immediately knew that it would be cancelled. It was simply too weird, and too awesome: the main character, played by Patrick “Kronk” Warburton, shouted at coffee machines (“Empty your bladder of that bitter black urine men call coffee!”). The villains almost never did anything. Most of the show involved ridiculous-looking superheroes sitting around and getting into Seinfeld-esque situations.

It was absolute genius, and the laws of television dictate that such genius must not be allowed to survive.

After only nine episodes, the show was canned, thus making it another entry in the museum of shows that Fox produces, turns out to be absolutely incredible, and is then either not picked up (Heat Vision and Jack) or is cancelled almost immediately. The Tick took the best parts of the comic and ignored all the unnecessary action of the Saturday morning cartoon show, and it paid the price dearly.

The Lone Gunmen

Quick: name the coolest thing about The X-Files. If you didn’t say Melvin Frohike, John Fitzgerald Byers, and Richard Langly, then you’re wrong. Even when the show was at its worst (like when Mulder and Scully got sucked into a video game), The Lone Gunmen remained somehow nerdy and cool at the same time.

Which made it all the more awesome that they received their own spinoff series: adding two new characters (James “Jimmy” Bond and Yves Adele Harlow – an anagram of Lee Harvey Oswald) and frequently overlapped with the events of The X-Files. In many ways, it was the ultimate spinoff: its plot worked concurrently with that of The X-Files, which meant that for all the wacky, awesome, unrelated side adventures the Gunmen engaged in, they could have frequently returned back to the “serious” plot lines of The X-Files whenever necessary.

However, given that The Lone Gunmen aired just as the popularity of The X-Files began to wane, the show only aired for twelve episodes before it was cancelled. Thankfully, though, the cliffhanger of the last episode was concluded in a later episode of The X-Files – such are the perks of being a spinoff of a still-running show. Of course, the joy one may have felt from the Gunmen’s continued presence in The X-Files ended up short-lived, considering they got the shit killed out of them a few episodes later.

Nothing ever went right for those three.

Sports Night

First, the bad: this show had a laugh track. As great a job Aaron “West Wing” Sorkin did on the script, and as greats as the performances were, there was still a goddamn laugh track for no discernible reason.

I can say, almost without a doubt, that the laugh track is the reason this show got cancelled. Despite the fact that the show had a lot of humor, it was, above all things, a drama: Sorkin’s whip-smart, lightning-fast, noun-adjectivedescribingspeed dialogue managed to be funny but not hilarious, clever but not pretentious, and dramatic but not sappy. But the laugh track betrayed it.

It tricked audiences into thinking that they were watching a comedy, which therefore made the show disappointing. The “clever” dialogue was not outright jokey enough to warrant a laugh track, and when audiences didn’t laugh while the laugh track did, things became awkward. There’s no feeling in the world quite like remaining silent while an entire audience of invisible people laugh their asses off.

If they’d just gotten rid of the goddamn laugh track and marketed the show more aggressively, then it would have gotten more than just two seasons.

Google PageRank: What Do We Know About It?

Everybody is using it, but (almost) nobody really knows, how it works. Google PageRank is probably one of the most important algorithms ever developed for the Web. With billions of existing pages and millions of pages generated every day, the search issue in the Web is more complex than you probably think it is. PageRank, only one of hundreds of factors used by Google to determine best search results, helps to keep our search clean and efficient. But how is it actually done? How does Google PageRank work, which factors do have an impact on it and which don’t? And what do we really know about PageRank?

In this article we put the facts straight.

Over the last weeks we’ve done an extensive research and selected dozens of facts and suggestions about PageRank, which seem to be true in practice. Besides, we’ve collected academic papers related to the issue - such as scientific proposals for better search results (such as Topic-Sensitive PageRank); you’ll also find references to mathematical background of PageRank as well as 16 useful PageRank tools you can use to analyze und track the ranking of your web-projects.

  • Update: We are going to publish the .pdf-version of this post soon, so subscribe to our RSS-feed to keep track on our next posts.
  • You don’t have to read the whole article. Most important facts are selected in the beginning of the post as a brief summary.
  • You might be interested in reading our article Google AdSense: Facts, FAQs and Tools, which should provide you with the most important facts, tools and resources about Google AdSense.

Google PageRank

Summary: How Does PageRank Work?

  1. PageRank is only one of numerous methods Google uses to determine a page’s relevance or importance.
  2. Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. Google looks not only at the sheer volume of votes; among 100 other aspects it also analyzes the page that casts the vote.
  3. PageRank is based on incoming links, but not just on the number of them - relevance and quality are important.
  4. PR(A) = (1-d) + d(PR(t1)/C(t1) + … + PR(tn)/C(tn)). That’s the equation that calculates a page’s PageRank.
  5. Not all links weight the same when it comes to PR.
  6. If you had a web page with a PR8 and had 1 link on it, the site linked to would get a fair amount of PR value. But, if you had 100 links on that page, each individual link would only get a fraction of the value.
  7. Bad incoming links don’t have impact on Page Rank.
  8. Page Rank considers site age, backlink relevancy and backlink duration.
  9. Content is not taken into account when PageRank is calculated.
  10. PageRank does not rank web sites as a whole, but is determined for each page individually.
  11. Each inbound link is important to the overall total. Except banned sites, which don’t count.
  12. PageRank values don’t range from 0 to 10. PageRank is a floating-point number.
  13. Each Page Rank level is progressively harder to reach. PageRank is believed to be calculated on a logarithmic scale.
  14. Google calculates pages PRs once every few months.
  15. Google tries to find pages that are both reputable and relevant.

Summary: Impact on Google PageRank

  1. Frequent content updates don’t improve Page Rank automatically.
  2. High Page Rank doesn’t mean high search ranking.
  3. DMOZ and Yahoo! Listings don’t improve Page Rank automatically.
  4. .edu and .gov-sites don’t improve Page Rank automatically.
  5. Sub-directories don’t necessarily have a lower Page Rank than root-directories.
  6. Wikipedia links don’t improve PageRank automatically (update: but pages which extract information from Wikipedia might improve PageRank).
  7. Links marked with nofollow-attribute don’t contribute to Google PageRank.
  8. Efficient internal onsite linking has an impact on PageRank.
  9. Related high ranked web-sites count stronger.
  10. The anchor text of a link is often far more important than whether it’s on a high PageRank page
  11. Links from and to high quality related sites have an impact on Page Rank.
  12. Multiple votes to one link from the same page cost as much as a single vote.
  13. Site can be banned if it links to banned sites.

1.1. What is PageRank?

  • “PageRank is [only] one of the methods Google uses to determine a page’s relevance or importance.” [PageRank Explained Correctly]
  • “Google uses many factors in ranking. Of these, the PageRank algorithm might be the best known. PageRank evaluates two things: how many links there are to a web page from other pages, and the quality of the linking sites. With PageRank, five or six high-quality links from websites such as www.cnn.com and www.nytimes.com would be valued much more highly than twice as many links from less reputable or established sites.” [Google Librarian Central]
  • “PageRank has only ever been an approximation of the quality of a web page and has never had anything to do with the measuring of the topical relevance of a web page. Topical relevance is measured with link context and on-page factors such as keyword density, title tag, and everything else.” [PageRank: An Essay]

1.2. How Does PageRank work?

  • No one really knows.“No one knows for sure how PageRank is currently calculated by Google.” [Google PageRank Explained]
  • PR(A) = (1-d) + d(PR(t1)/C(t1) + … + PR(tn)/C(tn)). “That’s the equation that calculates a page’s PageRank. In the equation ‘t1 - tn’ are pages linking to page A, ‘C’ is the number of outbound links that a page has and ‘d’ is a damping factor, usually set to 0.85.”
  • We can think of it in a simpler way: a page’s PageRank = 0.15 + 0.85 * (a “share” of the PageRank of every page that links to it). “share” = the linking page’s PageRank divided by the number of outbound links on the page. A page “votes” an amount of PageRank onto each page that it links to. The amount of PageRank that it has to vote with is a little less than its own PageRank value (its own value * 0.85). This value is shared equally between all the pages that it links to.” [Google’s Page Rank]
  • “The core Google PageRank algorithm “distributes” it’s established PR across all of the outbound links. Put differently, if you had a web page with a PR8 and had 1 link on it, the site linked to would get a fair amount of PR value. But, if you had 100 links on that page, each individual link would only get a fraction of the value.” [The Importance of PageRank]
  • “From this, we could conclude that a link from a page with PR4 and 5 outbound links is worth more than a link from a page with PR8 and 100 outbound links. The PageRank of a page that links to yours is important but the number of links on that page is also important. The more links there are on a page, the less PageRank value your page will receive from it.” [Google’s Page Rank]
  • “PageRank [..] uses the link structure as an indicator of an individual page’s value. Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. Google looks at considerably more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; e.g. it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves “important” weigh more heavily and help to make other pages “important.” [Google: Technology]
  • Not all links weight the same when it comes to PR. So an ‘important’ page linking to you gives you more PR than a ‘less important’ one. […] A factor in PR propagation is the number of out-links the ‘voting’ page have. So a PR4 page with only one out-link on it might give you more weight than a PR5 page with 100 out-links on it. A typical example here would be the famous milliondollarhomepage. This page is PR7 page with hunderds of out-links therefore its weight is would contribute very little to your page PR.” [Google PageRank Explained]
  • Each Page Rank level is progressively harder to reach. “PageRank is logarithmic in its calculation. In the same way that the earthquake Richter scale is exponential in calculation, so too is the mathematics behind Google PageRank. It takes one step to move from a PR0 to a PR1, it takes a few more steps to PR3, it takes even more steps to PR4, and many more steps again to PR5, and so one.” [Google Page Rank FAQ]

Google PageRank Explained
[via einfach-persoehnlich]

  • “PageRank does not rank web sites as a whole, but is determined for each page individually. Further, the PageRank of page A is recursively defined by the PageRanks of those pages which link to page A.” [The Page Rank algorithm]
  • “Google combines PageRank with sophisticated text-matching techniques to find pages that are both important and relevant to user’s search. Google examines all aspects of the page’s content (and the content of the pages linking to it) to determine if it’s a good match for user’s queries.” [What Is Google PageRank?]
  • “Google calculates pages PRs once every few months (PR update). After a PR update is done, all pages are assigned a new PR by Google and you will have this PR until a new PR update is done. New sites that were just launched will have a PR of 0 until an update is done by Google so that they are assigned an appropriate PR.” [Google PageRank Explained]
  • PageRank values don’t range from 0 to 10. PageRank is a floating-point number. “It’s more accurate to think of it as a floating-point number. Certainly our internal PageRank computations have many more degrees of resolution than the 0-10 values shown in the toolbar.” [Matt Cutts]
  • “We’re sure that their curve is similar to an exponential curve with each new “plateau” being harder to reach than the last. I have personally done some research into this, and so far the results point to an exponential base of 4. So a PR of 6 is 4 times as difficult to attain as a PR of 5. [..] The difference between a high PR of 6, and a low PR of 6, could be hundreds or thousands of links.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
  • “PageRank is believed to be calculated on a logarithmic scale. What this roughly means is that the difference between PR4 and PR5 is likely 5-10 times than the difference between PR3 and PR4. So, there are likely over a 100 times as many web pages with a PageRank of 2 than there are with a PageRank of 4. This means that if you get to a PageRank of 6 or so, you’re likely well into the top 0.1% of all websites out there. If most of your peer group is straggling around with a PR2 or PR3, you’re way ahead of the game.” [Importance of Google PageRank]
  • “The fact is that PageRank is based on incoming links, but not just on the number of them. Instead PageRank is based on the value of your incoming links. To find the value of an incoming link look at the PR of the source page, and divide it by the number of links on that page. It’s very possible to get a PR of 6 or 7 from only a handful of incoming links if your links are “weighty” enough.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
  • Google tries to find pages that are both reputable and relevant. If two pages appear to have roughly the same amount of information matching a given query, we’ll usually try to pick the page that more trusted websites have chosen to link to. Still, we’ll often elevate a page with fewer links or lower PageRank if other signals suggest that the page is more relevant. For example, a web page dedicated entirely to the civil war is often more useful than an article that mentions the civil war in passing, even if the article is part of a reputable site such as Time.com.” [Google Librarian Central]
  • Links don’t give PR away, they are votes. “When a page votes its PageRank value to other pages, its own PageRank is not reduced by the value that it is voting. The page doing the voting doesn’t give away its PageRank and end up with nothing. It isn’t a transfer of PageRank. It is simply a vote according to the page’s PageRank value.” [Page Rank Explained]
  • “We know from the paper “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine” (Paper) that the PageRank of a Web page is a number calculated using a recursive algorithm in which the page receives a share of the PageRank of each page that links to it.” [Google PageRank]
  • Crawlers don’t analyze web-sites permanently. “It often takes two full monthly updates for all of your incoming links to be discovered, counted, calculated and displayed as backlinks.” [Google FAQ]

1.3. Which factors do have an impact on PageRank?

  • Each inbound link is important to the overall total. Except banned sites. “PageRank is a form of a voting system. A link to a page is a vote for that page. Higher PageRank pages are viewed by Google as more important. Their votes are given more value by Google — much more value, in some cases. In general, the more voting links, the stronger the PageRank.” [Google PageRank FAQ]
  • Adding new pages can decrease Page Rank. “The effect is that, whilst the total PageRank in the site is increased, one or more of the existing pages will suffer a PageRank loss due to the new page making gains. Up to a point, the more new pages that are added, the greater is the loss to the existing pages. With large sites, this effect is unlikely to be noticed but, with smaller ones, it probably would.” [PageRank Explained]
  • Page Rank can decrease. “You can lose some important links that are no longer linking to your site. PR loss can also occur if some of your linking partners also experience a drop in their own PR, possibly setting off a chain reaction of lower PageRank all through the immediate linking network.” [Google PageRank FAQ]
  • Headers (h1, … ,h6), strong tags and semantic content are important. (Update: But it doesn’t improve PageRank.) “Place it in the description and meta tags, place it in bold/strong tags, but keep your content readable and useful. Be aware of the text surrounding your keywords, search engines will become more semantic in the coming years so context is important.” [Let Google’s Algorithm Show You The Traffic
  • Efficient internal onsite linking is important. “Internal linking is important to your overall ranking. Make sure your linking structure is easy for the spiders to crawl. Most suggest a simple hierarchy with links no more than three clicks away from your home/index page. Creating traffic modes or clusters of related links within a section on your site has proven very effective.” [Let Google’s Algorithm Show You The Traffic
  • Links from and to high quality related sites are important. “The more closely related the pages, the higher the PageRank amount transferred.” “Linking to high quality sites shows the search engines your site is very useful to your visitors. Unless your site has been around for years and is well established and trusted by Google, this factor will have an adverse effect on your site’s overall ranking. Linking only to high quality content sites will give your site an edge over your competition.” [Let Google’s Algorithm Show You The Traffic, FAQ]
  • Anchor text is important. The more specific is the reference, the better Google can evaluate it and consider it in relates search queries.
  • Google penalizes link farms. “Google is only concerned with pages of over 100 outgoing links. Google considers overly linked pages to be link farms, and they are penalized as such.” [Google FAQ]
  • Incoming Links from popular sites are important. If pages linking to you have a high PageRank then your page gains some part of their reputation.
  • Site can be banned if it links to banned sites. “Be extremely careful of any out-going links from your site. Don’t link to bad neighborhoods (link farms, banned sites, etc.) Google will penalize you for bad links so always check the PageRank of the sites you’re linking to from your site.” [SiteProNews]
  • Illegal activities will penalize your PageRank and possibly ban your site from Google. “Hidden text, deceptive redirects, cloaking, automated link exchanges, or anything else against Google’s quality guidelines” can ban your site from Google.
  • Google considers site age, backlink relevancy and backlink duration. If backlink isn’t relevant, it won’t weight much.
  • Myth: the higher your google PageRank, the better the results. “While pages with a higher PageRank do tend to rank better, it is perfectly normal for a site to appear higher in the results listings even though it has a lower PageRank than competing pages. [..] Google examines the context of your incoming links, and only those links that relate to the specific keyword being searched on will help you achieve a higher ranking for that keyword.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
  • Related high ranked web-sites count stronger (or don’t they?). “One-way inbound links from websites with topics that are related to your website’s topic will help you gain a higher Page Rank.” Other one-way inbound links from pages with high page rank but unrelated topics do help a little, but not nearly as much. [What Is Page Rank?]
  • Different pages from a site can have different Page Rank. “Search engines crawl and index webpages not websites, that is why your page rank may vary from page to page within your website.” [What Is Page Rank?]
  • “The anchor text of a link is often far more important than whether it’s on a high PageRank page.” [What Is Google PageRank?
  • “If you really want to know what are the most important, relevant pages to get links from, forget PageRank. Think search rank. Search for the words you’d like to rank for. See what pages come up tops in Google. Those are the most important and relevant pages you want to seek links from. That’s because Google is explicitly telling you that on the topic you searched for, these are the best.” [What Is Google PageRank?]

1.4. Which factors don’t have an impact on PageRank?

  • Frequent content updates don’t improve PR automatically.” Although Google might send crawlers more frequently to analyze your site, what is more significant are links pointing to you.
  • “Content is not taken into account when PageRank is calculated. Content is taken into account when you actually perform a search for specific search terms.” [Google PageRank]
  • “High PageRank does NOT guarantee a high search ranking for any particular term. If it did, then PR10 sites like Adobe would always show up for any search you do. They don’t.” [What Is Google PageRank?
  • Wikipedia Links don’t improve Page Rank. “Wikipedia implemented a no-follow rule, indicating that outbound links should not be followed by search engine spiders.” [A Survival Guide to SEO & Wikipedia]
  • Listing in DMOZ and Yahoo! doesn’t give your site a special PR Bonus. “Google uses Open Directory Project (DMOZ.org), to power its directory. Coupling that fact with the observation that sites listed in DMOZ often get decent and inexplicable PageRank boosts, has lead many to conclude that Google gives a special bonus to sites listed in DMOZ. This is simply not true. The only bonus gained from being in DMOZ is the same bonus a site would achieve from being linked to by any other site.” However, DMOZ data is used by hundreds of sites.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
  • Sub-directories don’t necessarily have a lower Page Rank than root-directories. Depending on the popularity of a web-site your subdirectories can have a higher PageRank than the root pages.
  • Meta-Tags don’t improve PageRank. “Google can sometimes use the meta description tag to create an abstract for your site, so it may be useful to you if your home page is primarily composed of graphics. However, do not expect it to increase your rank.” [10 Google Myths Revealed]
  • .edu and .gov-sites do not provide higher PageRank (or do they?).“We don’t really have much in the way to say “Oh this is a link from the ODP, or .gov, or .edu, so give that some sort of special boost.” Its just those sites tend to have higher PageRank because-because more people link to them and reputable people link to them.” [A Google Myth Busted]

No Follow Treatment

  • Links marked with nofollow-attribute don’t contribute to Google PageRank. “Google implemented a new value, “nofollow”, for the rel attribute of HTML link and anchor elements, so that website builders and bloggers can make links that Google will not consider for the purposes of PageRank — they are links that no longer constitute a “vote” in the PageRank system.” [Wikipedia: PageRank]
  • Multiple votes to one link from the same page cost as much as a single vote. “It is reasonable to assume that a page can cast only one vote for another page, and that additional votes for the same page are not counted.” [PageRank FAQ]
  • Links from one page to itself don’t improve Page Rank. “It is reasonable to assume that a page can’t vote for itself, and that such links are not counted.” [PageRank Explained]
  • Bad incoming links don’t have impact on Page Rank. “Where the links come from doesn’t matter. Sites are not penalized because of where the links come from.” [Google PageRank]
  • Dangling links don’t have impact on Page Rank. “Dangling links are simply links that point to any page with no outgoing links. They affect the model because it is not clear where their weight should be distributed, and there are a large number of them. Because dangling links do not affect the ranking of any other page directly, we simply remove them from the system until all the PageRanks are calculated. After all the PageRanks are calculated they can be added back in without affecting things significantly.” [PageRank Paper]

2.1. Google PageRank: Theory & Scientific Background

  • A Survey of Google’s PageRank
    Calculation of Page Rank, Page Rank Implementation, Inbound Links, Outbound Links, Number of Pages, PageRank Distribution, Additional Factors and more.
  • The Lineal Algebra Behind Google
    The $25,000,000,000 Eigenvector - The Linear Algebra Behind Google. Google’s success derives in large part from its PageRank algorithm, which ranks the importance of webpages according to an eigenvector of a weighted link matrix. Analysis of the PageRank formula provides a wonderful applied topic for a linear algebra course.
  • The Intelligent Surfer: Probabilistic Combination of Link and Content Information in PageRank
    We propose to improve Page-Rank by using a more intelligent surfer, one that is guided by a probabilistic model of the relevance of a page to a query. Efficient execution of our algorithm at query time is made possible by precomputing at crawl time (and thus once for all queries) the necessary terms.
  • Topic-Sensitive PageRank
    To yield more accurate search results, we propose computing a set of PageRank vectors, biased using a set of representative topics, to capture more accurately the notion of importance with respect to a particular topic. By using these (precomputed) biased PageRank vectors to generate query-specific importance scores for pages at query time, we show that we can generate more accurate rankings than with a single, generic PageRank vector.
  • Method for node ranking in a linked database
    A method assigns importance ranks to nodes in a linked database, such as any database of documents containing citations, the world wide web or any other hypermedia database. The rank assigned to a document is calculated from the ranks of documents citing it. In addition, the rank of a document is calculated from a constant representing the probability that a browser through the database will randomly jump to the document. By Page and Lawrence.
  • How Google Finds Your Needle in the Web’s Haystack
    Mathematical Background of Google PageRank. By David Austin, Grand Valley State University
  • A Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine
    Original Slides, by Larry Page.
  • Wikipedia: PageRank
    Mathematical Theory Behind Google PageRank

3.1. Google PageRank Tools & Services

  • PageRank Search
    Showing search results in order of PageRank.
  • Google PageRank Inspector.
    Google PageRank inspector is PHP scripts that can seek all of your website, include out linked page or not, and display Pagerank value for each of your website pages. New pages linked by high pagerank pages can be indexed in google quickly and have higher keyword rank in google search.
  • Google’s PageRank - Calculator
    The results produced by the calculator indicate each page’s PageRank share and are not equivalent to the values in the Google toolbar.

PageRank Calculator

  • Webmastereyes, Visual PageRank View
    The results will show the page given along with the PageRank of each link on that page. You also have the option to show “nofollow” and external links.
  • Smart PageRank
    Checks PageRank from multiple datacenters and sends emails automatically if PageRank is updated.
  • Google PageRank Notifier
    “This script will send you an email whenever the PageRank of the given page changes. PageRank is taken from the Google Toolbar “API” and is updated once an hour.”
  • Google PageRank™ Checker (registration required)
    You can monitor site’s PageRank via RSS and you can also be notified via e-mail when the PageRank has been changed.

PageRank Checker

  • Dig PageRank
    Checks the current Page Rank of a page in over 100 Google data centers.
  • Live PageRank Check
    The Live PageRank value may be used as an indicator of what will show when Google decides to export the PageRank values to the Google Toolbar. The Live PageRank calculator gives you the current PageRank value in the Google index, not just the snapshot that is displayed in the toolbar. Google updates its internal PageRank value continuously as the web changes and their index is updated. Only once every third month or so this value is exported to be displayed in the Google Toolbar.
  • Page Rank Widget for Mac OS X.
    Llittle Widget finds the Google Page Rank for any URL by calculating the checksum and requesting the PR from Google’s servers.

PageRank Dashboard

  • Google PageRank Prediction
    The tool analyzes the popularity of a given web-site and tries to predict its future Google PageRank. More Page Rank Tools.
  • PageRank Checker
    Shows PageRank of your backlinks.
  • PageRank Overlay (PR Mapper) (both currently offline)
    Browse your competitors website and view the Google PR of all the links at once. Also available as Firefox Extension.
  • PageRank Decoder (Demo)
    “This little tool is not too much different then a tool that tells you your PageRank, however it allows you to organize your sites (with PR information) in a visual network and then correspondingly connect them with arrows. You can move them around like cards, connect them or not, and even delete them by throwing them in a trash can.” [Search Engine Roundtable]

PageRank Decoder

3.2. Google Tools & Services

viernes, 1 de junio de 2007

Rights of Mapuche Indians Still Not Ensured

SANTIAGO, May 24 (IPS) - Indigenous people in Chile face serious problems in terms of access to justice and protection of their rights, Sergio Laurenti, executive director of Amnesty International-Chile, told IPS.

"We regularly receive complaints, and practically every day we hear news about (mistreatment of and discrimination against) Mapuche people," he said during a meeting with the press ahead of Wednesday's release of Amnesty's annual human rights report 2007, which for the fifth year in a row mentions ill-treatment of indigenous people in Chile.

The Mapuche, who number 600,000 in this country of 15.6 million, are the biggest indigenous group in Chile, making up 87 percent of the total native population. One-fifth of them live in the southern region of Araucanía.

In the report, the London-based Amnesty states that Carabineros (militarised police) raided the Mapuche indigenous community of Temucuicui in Araucanía in July 2006, purportedly looking for livestock stolen from local ranchers. However, the community denied that any stolen animals were being held on their land.

"Police reportedly fired tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition at members of the community, who were unarmed. Several people were injured and a number of homes destroyed. Children were affected by the tear gas and several escaped to nearby hills. Women and children were ill-treated," says the report.

And in December, "police reportedly fired on Temucuicui Mapuche individuals who were collecting their salaries in the city of ErcillaàUp to six civilians were believed to have been injured, including a number of children," the report adds.

"Police brutality continues to be a problem, at least in the province of Malleco (where the incidents occurred), with between five and 10 communities affected," José Aylwin, co-director of the Observatory of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, based in Temuco, the capital of the region of Araucanía, told IPS.

"Several lawsuits have been presented against the Carabineros by the communities in conjunction with the Observatory," said the activist. "Talks have also been set up, with the participation of the government of the province of Malleco and representatives of the Carabineros. But the police deny taking part in the reported incidents."

Above and beyond such incidents, "the state of economic prostration of certain indigenous communities is not seen by the Chilean state as a situation that should cause concern from a human rights perspective," journalist Nibaldo Mosciatti, press officer for the Bío-Bío radio station, told IPS.

The main Mapuche communities are in the south, and the news coming from there does not have a great impact and does not become a national issue, said Mosciatti, who was invited by Amnesty to comment on the report. These incidents "occur in the region of Araucanía, and stay there," he added.

"The power of the logging companies (that have displaced indigenous people from their land in that region) is so strong that in the end you have the sensation and suspicion that part of the state apparatus is placed at their disposal, which is more or less what occurs in the north, where small communities are fighting mining corporations over water rights," said Mosciatti.

The Amnesty report also notes that former dictator Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), under whose regime "gross human rights violations considered crimes against humanity were committed," died on Dec. 10, 2006 without ever having "attended any judicial hearings in any Chilean court."

The rights group points out that at the time of his death, the elderly former dictator was facing legal action in Chilean courts in relation to cases "in which thousands of people were subjected to torture, extrajudicial executions and enforced disappearance."

"With respect to Pinochet, the cases are closed, but in each case there were others who were also responsible," said Laurenti, who urged the justice system to continue investigating and to hold those responsible accountable.

"Amnesty has identified and published the names of at least 20 former military officers who are subject to prosecution," said the executive director of the Chilean branch of the international rights watchdog. "Out of a total of 600 cases (that have gone to court), we know of only 12 people who are in prison. This is a strong signal that impunity is being tolerated."

The rights group also observed that the government had not reached a decision on whether the amnesty law that let off the hook those who committed human rights violations during the dictatorship should be annulled, repealed or amended, after the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled in September 2006 that the 1978 law was not admissible and could not be applied to crimes against humanity.

The Inter-American Court verdict involved the case of Luis Alfredo Almonacid, a teacher, trade unionist and member of the Communist Party who was arrested and shot by police in the presence of his family in September 1973.

But in her state of the union address on Monday, socialist President Michelle Bachelet specifically said that she would support "the verdict that declared the amnesty inapplicable and stressed that there is no statute of limitations for crimes against humanity."

The president also said she would push for "the ratification of the Rome Statute that created the International Criminal Court, and the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture."

In addition, she announced the creation of a Human Rights Institute, the founding of the first National Memory Museum and the declaration of Aug. 30 as the National Day of the Detained-Disappeared.

"The president has announced a string of important human rights measures," said Laurenti. "This is good news. But there is a gap between what is said and what is actually done. Our hope is that she will use her leadership to make sure that these promises are fulfilled."

Amnesty also criticised the harsh conditions, overcrowding, lack of medical attention, ill-treatment and corruption by guards in prisons, while stating that there were "reports of excessive use of force by police against student demonstrators and journalists" when secondary school students held protests and went on strike in May, June and October, calling for an overhaul of the education system.

Both Laurenti and Mosciatti, meanwhile, complained about the "selective arrests" by the Carabineros during the May 1 marches held to celebrate International Labour Day.

"Preventive, selective arrests" carried out merely on the basis of suspicious appearance or behaviour can "imply a violation of human rights," said Laurenti.

For his part, Mosciatti said that "I would like to see at the end of the year what conclusion we reach on the government's response to protest demonstrations. In my view, selective arrests are a very serious matter. Arresting people who are not committing any crime and for whom no arrest warrant has been issued is a violation of the penal code; these are illegal arrests."

With respect to the year ahead, Laurenti was optimistic, saying 2007 would be marked by a growing "appropriation of economic, social and cultural rights by Chileans," who he said are becoming increasingly aware of their rights. (END/2007)

Rights of Mapuche Indians Still Not Ensured

SANTIAGO, May 24 (IPS) - Indigenous people in Chile face serious problems in terms of access to justice and protection of their rights, Sergio Laurenti, executive director of Amnesty International-Chile, told IPS.

"We regularly receive complaints, and practically every day we hear news about (mistreatment of and discrimination against) Mapuche people," he said during a meeting with the press ahead of Wednesday's release of Amnesty's annual human rights report 2007, which for the fifth year in a row mentions ill-treatment of indigenous people in Chile.

The Mapuche, who number 600,000 in this country of 15.6 million, are the biggest indigenous group in Chile, making up 87 percent of the total native population. One-fifth of them live in the southern region of Araucanía.

In the report, the London-based Amnesty states that Carabineros (militarised police) raided the Mapuche indigenous community of Temucuicui in Araucanía in July 2006, purportedly looking for livestock stolen from local ranchers. However, the community denied that any stolen animals were being held on their land.

"Police reportedly fired tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition at members of the community, who were unarmed. Several people were injured and a number of homes destroyed. Children were affected by the tear gas and several escaped to nearby hills. Women and children were ill-treated," says the report.

And in December, "police reportedly fired on Temucuicui Mapuche individuals who were collecting their salaries in the city of ErcillaàUp to six civilians were believed to have been injured, including a number of children," the report adds.

"Police brutality continues to be a problem, at least in the province of Malleco (where the incidents occurred), with between five and 10 communities affected," José Aylwin, co-director of the Observatory of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, based in Temuco, the capital of the region of Araucanía, told IPS.

"Several lawsuits have been presented against the Carabineros by the communities in conjunction with the Observatory," said the activist. "Talks have also been set up, with the participation of the government of the province of Malleco and representatives of the Carabineros. But the police deny taking part in the reported incidents."

Above and beyond such incidents, "the state of economic prostration of certain indigenous communities is not seen by the Chilean state as a situation that should cause concern from a human rights perspective," journalist Nibaldo Mosciatti, press officer for the Bío-Bío radio station, told IPS.

The main Mapuche communities are in the south, and the news coming from there does not have a great impact and does not become a national issue, said Mosciatti, who was invited by Amnesty to comment on the report. These incidents "occur in the region of Araucanía, and stay there," he added.

"The power of the logging companies (that have displaced indigenous people from their land in that region) is so strong that in the end you have the sensation and suspicion that part of the state apparatus is placed at their disposal, which is more or less what occurs in the north, where small communities are fighting mining corporations over water rights," said Mosciatti.

The Amnesty report also notes that former dictator Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), under whose regime "gross human rights violations considered crimes against humanity were committed," died on Dec. 10, 2006 without ever having "attended any judicial hearings in any Chilean court."

The rights group points out that at the time of his death, the elderly former dictator was facing legal action in Chilean courts in relation to cases "in which thousands of people were subjected to torture, extrajudicial executions and enforced disappearance."

"With respect to Pinochet, the cases are closed, but in each case there were others who were also responsible," said Laurenti, who urged the justice system to continue investigating and to hold those responsible accountable.

"Amnesty has identified and published the names of at least 20 former military officers who are subject to prosecution," said the executive director of the Chilean branch of the international rights watchdog. "Out of a total of 600 cases (that have gone to court), we know of only 12 people who are in prison. This is a strong signal that impunity is being tolerated."

The rights group also observed that the government had not reached a decision on whether the amnesty law that let off the hook those who committed human rights violations during the dictatorship should be annulled, repealed or amended, after the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled in September 2006 that the 1978 law was not admissible and could not be applied to crimes against humanity.

The Inter-American Court verdict involved the case of Luis Alfredo Almonacid, a teacher, trade unionist and member of the Communist Party who was arrested and shot by police in the presence of his family in September 1973.

But in her state of the union address on Monday, socialist President Michelle Bachelet specifically said that she would support "the verdict that declared the amnesty inapplicable and stressed that there is no statute of limitations for crimes against humanity."

The president also said she would push for "the ratification of the Rome Statute that created the International Criminal Court, and the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture."

In addition, she announced the creation of a Human Rights Institute, the founding of the first National Memory Museum and the declaration of Aug. 30 as the National Day of the Detained-Disappeared.

"The president has announced a string of important human rights measures," said Laurenti. "This is good news. But there is a gap between what is said and what is actually done. Our hope is that she will use her leadership to make sure that these promises are fulfilled."

Amnesty also criticised the harsh conditions, overcrowding, lack of medical attention, ill-treatment and corruption by guards in prisons, while stating that there were "reports of excessive use of force by police against student demonstrators and journalists" when secondary school students held protests and went on strike in May, June and October, calling for an overhaul of the education system.

Both Laurenti and Mosciatti, meanwhile, complained about the "selective arrests" by the Carabineros during the May 1 marches held to celebrate International Labour Day.

"Preventive, selective arrests" carried out merely on the basis of suspicious appearance or behaviour can "imply a violation of human rights," said Laurenti.

For his part, Mosciatti said that "I would like to see at the end of the year what conclusion we reach on the government's response to protest demonstrations. In my view, selective arrests are a very serious matter. Arresting people who are not committing any crime and for whom no arrest warrant has been issued is a violation of the penal code; these are illegal arrests."

With respect to the year ahead, Laurenti was optimistic, saying 2007 would be marked by a growing "appropriation of economic, social and cultural rights by Chileans," who he said are becoming increasingly aware of their rights. (END/2007)

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