Google PageRank: What Do We Know About It?

Everybody is using it, but (almost) nobody really knows, how it works. Google PageRank is probably one of the most important algorithms ever developed for the Web. With billions of existing pages and millions of pages generated every day, the search issue in the Web is more complex than you probably think it is. PageRank, only one of hundreds of factors used by Google to determine best search results, helps to keep our search clean and efficient. But how is it actually done? How does Google PageRank work, which factors do have an impact on it and which don’t? And what do we really know about PageRank?

In this article we put the facts straight.

Over the last weeks we’ve done an extensive research and selected dozens of facts and suggestions about PageRank, which seem to be true in practice. Besides, we’ve collected academic papers related to the issue - such as scientific proposals for better search results (such as Topic-Sensitive PageRank); you’ll also find references to mathematical background of PageRank as well as 16 useful PageRank tools you can use to analyze und track the ranking of your web-projects.

• Update: We are going to publish the .pdf-version of this post soon, so subscribe to our RSS-feed to keep track on our next posts.
• You don’t have to read the whole article. Most important facts are selected in the beginning of the post as a brief summary.
• You might be interested in reading our article Google AdSense: Facts, FAQs and Tools, which should provide you with the most important facts, tools and resources about Google AdSense.

Summary: How Does PageRank Work?

1. PageRank is only one of numerous methods Google uses to determine a page’s relevance or importance.
2. Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. Google looks not only at the sheer volume of votes; among 100 other aspects it also analyzes the page that casts the vote.
3. PageRank is based on incoming links, but not just on the number of them - relevance and quality are important.
4. PR(A) = (1-d) + d(PR(t1)/C(t1) + … + PR(tn)/C(tn)). That’s the equation that calculates a page’s PageRank.
5. Not all links weight the same when it comes to PR.
6. If you had a web page with a PR8 and had 1 link on it, the site linked to would get a fair amount of PR value. But, if you had 100 links on that page, each individual link would only get a fraction of the value.
7. Bad incoming links don’t have impact on Page Rank.
8. Page Rank considers site age, backlink relevancy and backlink duration.
9. Content is not taken into account when PageRank is calculated.
10. PageRank does not rank web sites as a whole, but is determined for each page individually.
11. Each inbound link is important to the overall total. Except banned sites, which don’t count.
12. PageRank values don’t range from 0 to 10. PageRank is a floating-point number.
13. Each Page Rank level is progressively harder to reach. PageRank is believed to be calculated on a logarithmic scale.
14. Google calculates pages PRs once every few months.
15. Google tries to find pages that are both reputable and relevant.

Summary: Impact on Google PageRank

1. Frequent content updates don’t improve Page Rank automatically.
2. High Page Rank doesn’t mean high search ranking.
3. DMOZ and Yahoo! Listings don’t improve Page Rank automatically.
4. .edu and .gov-sites don’t improve Page Rank automatically.
5. Sub-directories don’t necessarily have a lower Page Rank than root-directories.
6. Wikipedia links don’t improve PageRank automatically (update: but pages which extract information from Wikipedia might improve PageRank).
7. Links marked with nofollow-attribute don’t contribute to Google PageRank.
8. Efficient internal onsite linking has an impact on PageRank.
9. Related high ranked web-sites count stronger.
10. The anchor text of a link is often far more important than whether it’s on a high PageRank page
11. Links from and to high quality related sites have an impact on Page Rank.
12. Multiple votes to one link from the same page cost as much as a single vote.
13. Site can be banned if it links to banned sites.

1.1. What is PageRank?

• “PageRank is [only] one of the methods Google uses to determine a page’s relevance or importance.” [PageRank Explained Correctly]
• “Google uses many factors in ranking. Of these, the PageRank algorithm might be the best known. PageRank evaluates two things: how many links there are to a web page from other pages, and the quality of the linking sites. With PageRank, five or six high-quality links from websites such as www.cnn.com and www.nytimes.com would be valued much more highly than twice as many links from less reputable or established sites.” [Google Librarian Central]
• “PageRank has only ever been an approximation of the quality of a web page and has never had anything to do with the measuring of the topical relevance of a web page. Topical relevance is measured with link context and on-page factors such as keyword density, title tag, and everything else.” [PageRank: An Essay]

1.2. How Does PageRank work?

• No one really knows.“No one knows for sure how PageRank is currently calculated by Google.” [Google PageRank Explained]
• PR(A) = (1-d) + d(PR(t1)/C(t1) + … + PR(tn)/C(tn)). “That’s the equation that calculates a page’s PageRank. In the equation ‘t1 - tn’ are pages linking to page A, ‘C’ is the number of outbound links that a page has and ‘d’ is a damping factor, usually set to 0.85.”
• We can think of it in a simpler way: a page’s PageRank = 0.15 + 0.85 * (a “share” of the PageRank of every page that links to it). “share” = the linking page’s PageRank divided by the number of outbound links on the page. A page “votes” an amount of PageRank onto each page that it links to. The amount of PageRank that it has to vote with is a little less than its own PageRank value (its own value * 0.85). This value is shared equally between all the pages that it links to.” [Google’s Page Rank]
• “The core Google PageRank algorithm “distributes” it’s established PR across all of the outbound links. Put differently, if you had a web page with a PR8 and had 1 link on it, the site linked to would get a fair amount of PR value. But, if you had 100 links on that page, each individual link would only get a fraction of the value.” [The Importance of PageRank]
• “From this, we could conclude that a link from a page with PR4 and 5 outbound links is worth more than a link from a page with PR8 and 100 outbound links. The PageRank of a page that links to yours is important but the number of links on that page is also important. The more links there are on a page, the less PageRank value your page will receive from it.” [Google’s Page Rank]
• “PageRank [..] uses the link structure as an indicator of an individual page’s value. Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. Google looks at considerably more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; e.g. it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves “important” weigh more heavily and help to make other pages “important.” [Google: Technology]
• “Not all links weight the same when it comes to PR. So an ‘important’ page linking to you gives you more PR than a ‘less important’ one. […] A factor in PR propagation is the number of out-links the ‘voting’ page have. So a PR4 page with only one out-link on it might give you more weight than a PR5 page with 100 out-links on it. A typical example here would be the famous milliondollarhomepage. This page is PR7 page with hunderds of out-links therefore its weight is would contribute very little to your page PR.” [Google PageRank Explained]
• Each Page Rank level is progressively harder to reach. “PageRank is logarithmic in its calculation. In the same way that the earthquake Richter scale is exponential in calculation, so too is the mathematics behind Google PageRank. It takes one step to move from a PR0 to a PR1, it takes a few more steps to PR3, it takes even more steps to PR4, and many more steps again to PR5, and so one.” [Google Page Rank FAQ]

[via einfach-persoehnlich]

• “PageRank does not rank web sites as a whole, but is determined for each page individually. Further, the PageRank of page A is recursively defined by the PageRanks of those pages which link to page A.” [The Page Rank algorithm]
• “Google combines PageRank with sophisticated text-matching techniques to find pages that are both important and relevant to user’s search. Google examines all aspects of the page’s content (and the content of the pages linking to it) to determine if it’s a good match for user’s queries.” [What Is Google PageRank?]
• “Google calculates pages PRs once every few months (PR update). After a PR update is done, all pages are assigned a new PR by Google and you will have this PR until a new PR update is done. New sites that were just launched will have a PR of 0 until an update is done by Google so that they are assigned an appropriate PR.” [Google PageRank Explained]
• PageRank values don’t range from 0 to 10. PageRank is a floating-point number. “It’s more accurate to think of it as a floating-point number. Certainly our internal PageRank computations have many more degrees of resolution than the 0-10 values shown in the toolbar.” [Matt Cutts]
• “We’re sure that their curve is similar to an exponential curve with each new “plateau” being harder to reach than the last. I have personally done some research into this, and so far the results point to an exponential base of 4. So a PR of 6 is 4 times as difficult to attain as a PR of 5. [..] The difference between a high PR of 6, and a low PR of 6, could be hundreds or thousands of links.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
• “PageRank is believed to be calculated on a logarithmic scale. What this roughly means is that the difference between PR4 and PR5 is likely 5-10 times than the difference between PR3 and PR4. So, there are likely over a 100 times as many web pages with a PageRank of 2 than there are with a PageRank of 4. This means that if you get to a PageRank of 6 or so, you’re likely well into the top 0.1% of all websites out there. If most of your peer group is straggling around with a PR2 or PR3, you’re way ahead of the game.” [Importance of Google PageRank]
• “The fact is that PageRank is based on incoming links, but not just on the number of them. Instead PageRank is based on the value of your incoming links. To find the value of an incoming link look at the PR of the source page, and divide it by the number of links on that page. It’s very possible to get a PR of 6 or 7 from only a handful of incoming links if your links are “weighty” enough.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
• “Google tries to find pages that are both reputable and relevant. If two pages appear to have roughly the same amount of information matching a given query, we’ll usually try to pick the page that more trusted websites have chosen to link to. Still, we’ll often elevate a page with fewer links or lower PageRank if other signals suggest that the page is more relevant. For example, a web page dedicated entirely to the civil war is often more useful than an article that mentions the civil war in passing, even if the article is part of a reputable site such as Time.com.” [Google Librarian Central]
• Links don’t give PR away, they are votes. “When a page votes its PageRank value to other pages, its own PageRank is not reduced by the value that it is voting. The page doing the voting doesn’t give away its PageRank and end up with nothing. It isn’t a transfer of PageRank. It is simply a vote according to the page’s PageRank value.” [Page Rank Explained]
• “We know from the paper “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine” (Paper) that the PageRank of a Web page is a number calculated using a recursive algorithm in which the page receives a share of the PageRank of each page that links to it.” [Google PageRank]
• Crawlers don’t analyze web-sites permanently. “It often takes two full monthly updates for all of your incoming links to be discovered, counted, calculated and displayed as backlinks.” [Google FAQ]

1.3. Which factors do have an impact on PageRank?

• Each inbound link is important to the overall total. Except banned sites. “PageRank is a form of a voting system. A link to a page is a vote for that page. Higher PageRank pages are viewed by Google as more important. Their votes are given more value by Google — much more value, in some cases. In general, the more voting links, the stronger the PageRank.” [Google PageRank FAQ]
• Adding new pages can decrease Page Rank. “The effect is that, whilst the total PageRank in the site is increased, one or more of the existing pages will suffer a PageRank loss due to the new page making gains. Up to a point, the more new pages that are added, the greater is the loss to the existing pages. With large sites, this effect is unlikely to be noticed but, with smaller ones, it probably would.” [PageRank Explained]
• Page Rank can decrease. “You can lose some important links that are no longer linking to your site. PR loss can also occur if some of your linking partners also experience a drop in their own PR, possibly setting off a chain reaction of lower PageRank all through the immediate linking network.” [Google PageRank FAQ]
• Headers (h1, … ,h6), strong tags and semantic content are important. (Update: But it doesn’t improve PageRank.) “Place it in the description and meta tags, place it in bold/strong tags, but keep your content readable and useful. Be aware of the text surrounding your keywords, search engines will become more semantic in the coming years so context is important.” [Let Google’s Algorithm Show You The Traffic
• Efficient internal onsite linking is important. “Internal linking is important to your overall ranking. Make sure your linking structure is easy for the spiders to crawl. Most suggest a simple hierarchy with links no more than three clicks away from your home/index page. Creating traffic modes or clusters of related links within a section on your site has proven very effective.” [Let Google’s Algorithm Show You The Traffic
• Links from and to high quality related sites are important. “The more closely related the pages, the higher the PageRank amount transferred.” “Linking to high quality sites shows the search engines your site is very useful to your visitors. Unless your site has been around for years and is well established and trusted by Google, this factor will have an adverse effect on your site’s overall ranking. Linking only to high quality content sites will give your site an edge over your competition.” [Let Google’s Algorithm Show You The Traffic, FAQ]
• Anchor text is important. The more specific is the reference, the better Google can evaluate it and consider it in relates search queries.
• Google penalizes link farms. “Google is only concerned with pages of over 100 outgoing links. Google considers overly linked pages to be link farms, and they are penalized as such.” [Google FAQ]
• Incoming Links from popular sites are important. If pages linking to you have a high PageRank then your page gains some part of their reputation.
• Site can be banned if it links to banned sites. “Be extremely careful of any out-going links from your site. Don’t link to bad neighborhoods (link farms, banned sites, etc.) Google will penalize you for bad links so always check the PageRank of the sites you’re linking to from your site.” [SiteProNews]
• Illegal activities will penalize your PageRank and possibly ban your site from Google. “Hidden text, deceptive redirects, cloaking, automated link exchanges, or anything else against Google’s quality guidelines” can ban your site from Google.
• Google considers site age, backlink relevancy and backlink duration. If backlink isn’t relevant, it won’t weight much.
• Myth: the higher your google PageRank, the better the results. “While pages with a higher PageRank do tend to rank better, it is perfectly normal for a site to appear higher in the results listings even though it has a lower PageRank than competing pages. [..] Google examines the context of your incoming links, and only those links that relate to the specific keyword being searched on will help you achieve a higher ranking for that keyword.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
• Related high ranked web-sites count stronger (or don’t they?). “One-way inbound links from websites with topics that are related to your website’s topic will help you gain a higher Page Rank.” Other one-way inbound links from pages with high page rank but unrelated topics do help a little, but not nearly as much. [What Is Page Rank?]
• Different pages from a site can have different Page Rank. “Search engines crawl and index webpages not websites, that is why your page rank may vary from page to page within your website.” [What Is Page Rank?]
• “The anchor text of a link is often far more important than whether it’s on a high PageRank page.” [What Is Google PageRank?
• “If you really want to know what are the most important, relevant pages to get links from, forget PageRank. Think search rank. Search for the words you’d like to rank for. See what pages come up tops in Google. Those are the most important and relevant pages you want to seek links from. That’s because Google is explicitly telling you that on the topic you searched for, these are the best.” [What Is Google PageRank?]

1.4. Which factors don’t have an impact on PageRank?

• Frequent content updates don’t improve PR automatically.” Although Google might send crawlers more frequently to analyze your site, what is more significant are links pointing to you.
• “Content is not taken into account when PageRank is calculated. Content is taken into account when you actually perform a search for specific search terms.” [Google PageRank]
• “High PageRank does NOT guarantee a high search ranking for any particular term. If it did, then PR10 sites like Adobe would always show up for any search you do. They don’t.” [What Is Google PageRank?
• Wikipedia Links don’t improve Page Rank. “Wikipedia implemented a no-follow rule, indicating that outbound links should not be followed by search engine spiders.” [A Survival Guide to SEO & Wikipedia]
• Listing in DMOZ and Yahoo! doesn’t give your site a special PR Bonus. “Google uses Open Directory Project (DMOZ.org), to power its directory. Coupling that fact with the observation that sites listed in DMOZ often get decent and inexplicable PageRank boosts, has lead many to conclude that Google gives a special bonus to sites listed in DMOZ. This is simply not true. The only bonus gained from being in DMOZ is the same bonus a site would achieve from being linked to by any other site.” However, DMOZ data is used by hundreds of sites.” [Top 10 Google Myths Revealed]
• Sub-directories don’t necessarily have a lower Page Rank than root-directories. Depending on the popularity of a web-site your subdirectories can have a higher PageRank than the root pages.
• Meta-Tags don’t improve PageRank. “Google can sometimes use the meta description tag to create an abstract for your site, so it may be useful to you if your home page is primarily composed of graphics. However, do not expect it to increase your rank.” [10 Google Myths Revealed]
• .edu and .gov-sites do not provide higher PageRank (or do they?).“We don’t really have much in the way to say “Oh this is a link from the ODP, or .gov, or .edu, so give that some sort of special boost.” Its just those sites tend to have higher PageRank because-because more people link to them and reputable people link to them.” [A Google Myth Busted]

• Links marked with nofollow-attribute don’t contribute to Google PageRank. “Google implemented a new value, “nofollow”, for the rel attribute of HTML link and anchor elements, so that website builders and bloggers can make links that Google will not consider for the purposes of PageRank — they are links that no longer constitute a “vote” in the PageRank system.” [Wikipedia: PageRank]
• Multiple votes to one link from the same page cost as much as a single vote. “It is reasonable to assume that a page can cast only one vote for another page, and that additional votes for the same page are not counted.” [PageRank FAQ]
• Links from one page to itself don’t improve Page Rank. “It is reasonable to assume that a page can’t vote for itself, and that such links are not counted.” [PageRank Explained]
• Bad incoming links don’t have impact on Page Rank. “Where the links come from doesn’t matter. Sites are not penalized because of where the links come from.” [Google PageRank]
• Dangling links don’t have impact on Page Rank. “Dangling links are simply links that point to any page with no outgoing links. They affect the model because it is not clear where their weight should be distributed, and there are a large number of them. Because dangling links do not affect the ranking of any other page directly, we simply remove them from the system until all the PageRanks are calculated. After all the PageRanks are calculated they can be added back in without affecting things significantly.” [PageRank Paper]

2.1. Google PageRank: Theory & Scientific Background

• A Survey of Google’s PageRank
  Calculation of Page Rank, Page Rank Implementation, Inbound Links, Outbound Links, Number of Pages, PageRank Distribution, Additional Factors and more.
• The Lineal Algebra Behind Google
  The $25,000,000,000 Eigenvector - The Linear Algebra Behind Google. Google’s success derives in large part from its PageRank algorithm, which ranks the importance of webpages according to an eigenvector of a weighted link matrix. Analysis of the PageRank formula provides a wonderful applied topic for a linear algebra course.
• The Intelligent Surfer: Probabilistic Combination of Link and Content Information in PageRank
  We propose to improve Page-Rank by using a more intelligent surfer, one that is guided by a probabilistic model of the relevance of a page to a query. Efficient execution of our algorithm at query time is made possible by precomputing at crawl time (and thus once for all queries) the necessary terms.
• Topic-Sensitive PageRank
  To yield more accurate search results, we propose computing a set of PageRank vectors, biased using a set of representative topics, to capture more accurately the notion of importance with respect to a particular topic. By using these (precomputed) biased PageRank vectors to generate query-specific importance scores for pages at query time, we show that we can generate more accurate rankings than with a single, generic PageRank vector.
• Method for node ranking in a linked database
  A method assigns importance ranks to nodes in a linked database, such as any database of documents containing citations, the world wide web or any other hypermedia database. The rank assigned to a document is calculated from the ranks of documents citing it. In addition, the rank of a document is calculated from a constant representing the probability that a browser through the database will randomly jump to the document. By Page and Lawrence.
• How Google Finds Your Needle in the Web’s Haystack
  Mathematical Background of Google PageRank. By David Austin, Grand Valley State University
• A Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine
  Original Slides, by Larry Page.
• Wikipedia: PageRank
  Mathematical Theory Behind Google PageRank

3.1. Google PageRank Tools & Services

• PageRank Search
  Showing search results in order of PageRank.
• Google PageRank Inspector.
  Google PageRank inspector is PHP scripts that can seek all of your website, include out linked page or not, and display Pagerank value for each of your website pages. New pages linked by high pagerank pages can be indexed in google quickly and have higher keyword rank in google search.
• Google’s PageRank - Calculator
  The results produced by the calculator indicate each page’s PageRank share and are not equivalent to the values in the Google toolbar.

• Webmastereyes, Visual PageRank View
  The results will show the page given along with the PageRank of each link on that page. You also have the option to show “nofollow” and external links.
• Smart PageRank
  Checks PageRank from multiple datacenters and sends emails automatically if PageRank is updated.
• Google PageRank Notifier
  “This script will send you an email whenever the PageRank of the given page changes. PageRank is taken from the Google Toolbar “API” and is updated once an hour.”
• Google PageRank™ Checker (registration required)
  You can monitor site’s PageRank via RSS and you can also be notified via e-mail when the PageRank has been changed.

• Dig PageRank
  Checks the current Page Rank of a page in over 100 Google data centers.
• Live PageRank Check
  The Live PageRank value may be used as an indicator of what will show when Google decides to export the PageRank values to the Google Toolbar. The Live PageRank calculator gives you the current PageRank value in the Google index, not just the snapshot that is displayed in the toolbar. Google updates its internal PageRank value continuously as the web changes and their index is updated. Only once every third month or so this value is exported to be displayed in the Google Toolbar.
• Page Rank Widget for Mac OS X.
  Llittle Widget finds the Google Page Rank for any URL by calculating the checksum and requesting the PR from Google’s servers.

• Google PageRank Prediction
  The tool analyzes the popularity of a given web-site and tries to predict its future Google PageRank. More Page Rank Tools.
• PageRank Checker
  Shows PageRank of your backlinks.
• PageRank Overlay (PR Mapper) (both currently offline)
  Browse your competitors website and view the Google PR of all the links at once. Also available as Firefox Extension.
• PageRank Decoder (Demo)
  “This little tool is not too much different then a tool that tells you your PageRank, however it allows you to organize your sites (with PR information) in a visual network and then correspondingly connect them with arrows. You can move them around like cards, connect them or not, and even delete them by throwing them in a trash can.” [Search Engine Roundtable]

• Page Rank Export List History
  This Page Rank Update/Export List History contains the dates that Google Toolbar Pagerank (PR) was exported.
• Google Ranking Factors
  Alleged positive and negative SEO Google Ranking Factors

3.2. Google Tools & Services

• Google Quality Guidelines
  These quality guidelines cover the most common forms of deceptive or manipulative behavior, but Google may respond negatively to other misleading practices not listed here (e.g. tricking users by registering misspellings of well-known websites).
• Check if your site is in Google database
• Reinclusion request form
  Request reinclusion of a site that has violated the webmaster guidelines
• Google Tools
  A comprehensive overview on Dmoz.org.

SEO Copywriting Blog - Marketing Disasters

Unlucky/Untimely Disasters

1. Sars Drink (Unfortunate Turned Fortunate)

Believe it or not, sales of the soft drink Sars have increased since the publicity over the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus hit the headlines, The East & Bays Courier news paper reported Wednesday. The caramel-flavored drink, produced by Australian company Golden Circle, has the same name as the acronym for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. New Zealand manager of Golden Circle, Brian Winter, said sales of the drink labeled Sars had increased over the last month. The report said that dairy owners have also noticed an increase in sales of the drink. Panmure Mini Mart owner Bashar Ahmed sold out of the drink a couple of days ago and said there has been an increase in sales over the last few months. The Westminster Dairy in St Heliers has also noticed the drink's popularity. "People laugh at it. Many people point it out. Jokingly they ask: 'Is this a medicine for SARS or protection against SARS?'," one dairy owner said. Mr. Winter said that the company was not thinking about changing the name of the drink and was unlikely to do so if current sales trends continue. -source

2. Ayds Diet Candy

-"Ayds helps you lose weight" or "Why take diet pills when you can enjoy Ayds?" or even "Thank Goodness For Ayds."

Ayds was an appetite-suppressant candy which enjoyed strong sales in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was available in chocolate, chocolate mint, butterscotch or caramel flavors, and later a peanut butter flavor was introduced. The original packaging used the phrase "Ayds Reducing Plan vitamin and mineral Candy"; a later version used the phrase "appetite suppressant candy." The active ingredient in the candy as reported by the New York Times was phenylpropanolamine, presumably to reduce the sense of taste to reduce eating However, public awareness of the disease AIDS beginning around mid-1981 caused problems for the brand due to the similarity of names. Initially sales were not affected, but by 1988 the chairman of Dep Corporation announced that the company was seeking a new name because sales had dropped as much as 50 percent due to publicity about the disease. The product's name was changed to Diet Ayds (Aydslim in Britain), but eventually it was withdrawn from the market. -Wikipedia

This is an interesting contrast to the SARS example. The SARS drink was lucky in that it was not negatively affected by its association with a deadly disease. Ayds Diet Candy, however, was not so lucky. Perhaps it was their unfortunate ill-fitting taglines that helped do them in.

Accidental/Unintentional Disasters

1. Ask.com

Ask.com has launched a new campaign centering on its "Algorithm." They are promoting it as the best in the industry. Most in the industry (as well as most web users) would agree this claim is completely unfounded and blatantly wrong. Google is commonly-held as the search engine with the most relevant results and thus with the most advanced algorithm. Making matters even worse, Ask.com has been using cryptic (and easily misinterpreted) billboards with the phrasing "The Algorithm Killed Jeeves." When I first saw this billboard, I immediately thought it might have been an ad from Google, promoting its algorithm's superiority over Ask.com, whose market share has been steadily declining. It was very surprising when I found out this was actually an ad for Ask.com, claiming search superiority.

It would be interesting to do a comparison on how many incremental searches the Ask.com "Algorithm" billboard campaign drove to Google, Yahoo and Ask. I think most people saw the signs, were confused, and went home to do a search on Google. (this is what I did) By driving incremental searches on Google, did Ask help Google push up their unique reach and market share for April? Of course, I'm ignoring the longer term branding value of a campaign like this but the short-term effects are interesting.

2. GE Miners Campaign

GE's "Model Miners" commercial was launched amid a good deal of controversy. One comment in the New York Times pointed out that the video's message crossed sex with a pro-labor miners’ song that is distinctly Marxist: "You load 16 tons and whaddya get? / Another day older and deeper in debt. / Saint Peter doncha call me 'cause I can’t go / I owe my soul to the company store." And a critic in the online magazine Slate noted that coal miners still die of black lung disease, making it hard to consider coal "beautiful," as the ad's narrator says. GE’s intent was to present the company "in a clever, often humorous way," I'd say they missed the mark with this one.

The song's chorus came from a letter Merle received from his brother lamenting the death of World War II journalist Ernie Pyle, killed while covering combat in the Pacific in 1945. John Travis wrote, "It's like working in the coal mines. You load sixteen tons and what do you get? Another day older and deeper in debt." Merle also recalled a remark his father would make to neighbors when asked how he was doing: "I can't afford to die. I owe my soul to the company store. " This referred to coal-company owned stores where miners bought food and supplies with money advanced by the company, called "scrip." Later released on Capitol's 1947 LP "Folk Songs From The Hills," the song almost immediately began to generate controversy, causing Travis himself, problems, in the anti-communist, Cold War hysteria of the late forties. Some in government saw songs dealing with workers' woes, and folk music "activists" as potentially subversive.

Bad Translation Disasters

1. Pocari Sweat

The reference to the bodily fluid resulting from perspiration in the name of the beverage tends to have a certain off-putting or humorous connotation for native English speakers. However, the name was chosen by the manufacturers originally for the purpose of marketing the product as a sports drink in Japan, where people generally do not mentally translate names appearing in English and are therefore not bothered by the connotation. It was largely derived from the notion of what it is intended to supply to the drinker: all of the nutrients and electrolytes lost when sweating. (The first part of the name, Pocari, means "like a cloud floating in the sky" or "a situation in which a cloud is floating in the sky" in Japanese, and has a connotation of lightness, buoyancy, and ease.) "Sweat" was apparently intended to suggest diligence and its fruits - the idea intending to connote to the user that Pocari Sweat works to make one feel fresh and relaxed. However, some Japanese apparently drop "sweat" from the name in common usage. -Wikipedia

2. Osram Lights

A lighting system company from Munich, Osram's name translates poorly into Polish. "Srac" is the infinitive form of the Polish verb "to sh*t." "Osram" is future tense, perfective, first person singular: "I will sh*t on you completely."

Just the thing you want to see in the lamp over your dinner table...

3. Electrolux

While a company may be able to escape messing up a literal translation, it must always contend with slang. Scandinavian vacuum manufacturer Electrolux met this slang issue when it ran these ads in the United States: